Federal Deficit vs. National Debt

Federal Deficit vs. National Debt The federal deficit and the national debt  are both bad and getting worse, but what are they and how are they different? Key Terms Federal Budget Deficit: The difference between the federal government’s annual revenues and expendituresNational Debt: Total of all unpaid funds borrowed by the U.S. government The debate over whether the federal government should borrow money to extend unemployment benefits beyond the typical 26 weeks at a time when the number of jobless is high and public debt is growing rapidly shed light on terms that are easily confused among the public - the federal deficit and national debt. For example, U.S. Rep. Paul Ryan, a Republican from Wisconsin, said the policies put forth buy the White House including the jobless benefits extension in 2010 represent a job-killing economic agenda - focused on more borrowing, spending, and taxing - [that] will keep the unemployment rate high for years to come. The American people are fed up with Washingtons push to spend money we dont have, add to our crushing burden of debt, and evade accountability for the dismal results, Ryan said in a statement. The terms national debt and federal deficit are widely used by our politicians. But the two are not interchangeable. Heres a quick explanation of each. What is the Federal Deficit? The deficit is the difference between the money federal government takes in, called receipts, and what it spends, called outlays, each year. The federal government generates revenue through income, excise and social insurance taxes as well as fees, according to the U.S. Department of Treasurys Bureau of the Public Debt. The spending includes Social Security and Medicare benefits along with all other outlays such as medical research and interest payments on the debt. When the amount of spending exceeds the level of income, there is a deficit and the Treasury must borrow the money needed for the government to pay its bills. Think of it this way: Lets say you earned $50,000 in a year, but had $55,000 in bills. You would have a $5,000 deficit. You would need to borrow $5,000 to make up the difference. The U.S. federal budget deficit for fiscal year 2018 is $440 billion, according to the White House’s Office of Management and Budget (OMB). In January 2017, the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projected that federal deficits would increase for the first time in nearly a decade. In fact, the CBO’s analysis showed the increase in the deficit will drive the total federal debt to â€Å"almost unprecedented levels.† While it projected the deficit to actually drop in 2017 and 2018, the CBO sees the deficit then increasing to at least $601 billion in 2019 thanks to rising Social Security and Medicare costs. How the Government Borrows The federal government borrows money by selling Treasury securities such as T-bills, notes, inflation-protected securities and savings bonds to the public. The government trust funds are required by law to invest surpluses in Treasury securities. What is the National Debt? The national debt is the total value of unpaid funds borrowed by the U.S. government.  The value of all Treasury securities issued to the public and to the government trust funds is considered that years deficit and becomes part of the larger, ongoing national debt. One way to think about the debt is as the governments accumulated deficits, the Bureau of the Public Debt suggests. The maximum sustainable deficit is said by economists to be 3 percent of gross domestic product. The Treasury Department keeps a running tab on the amount of debt held by the U.S. government. According to the U.S. Treasury, the total national debt stood at $20.245 trillion as September 30, 2018. Nearly all of that debt is subject to the statutory debt ceiling. However, under current law, the debt ceiling is suspended, allowing the government may to borrow as much as it wants through March 1, 2019. At that time, Congress will either have to raise the debt ceiling or suspend it again as it has in recent years While it is often claimed that â€Å"China owns our debt,† the Treasury Department reports that as of June 2017, China only held about 5.8% of the total U.S. debt, or about $1.15 trillion. The Impact of Both on the Economy As the debt continues to increase, creditors can become concerned about how the U.S. government plans to repay it, notes About.com Guide Kimberly Amadeo. Over time, she writes, creditors will expect higher interest payments to provide a greater return for their increased perceived risk. Higher interest costs can dampen economic growth, Amadeo notes. As a result, she notes, the U.S. government may be tempted to let the value of the dollar fall so that the debt repayment will be in cheaper dollars, and less expensive. Foreign governments and investors could, as a result, be less willing to buy Treasury bonds, forcing interest rates higher. Updated by Robert Longley

Learn About the Science of Marine Biology

Learn About the Science of Marine Biology The field of marine biology or becoming a marine biologist sounds fascinating, doesnt it? Whats involved in marine biology, or becoming a marine biologist? First, its important to understand what, exactly, makes up the marine biology branch of science. Marine biology is the scientific study of plants and animals that live in salt water. When many people think about a marine biologist, they picture a dolphin trainer. But marine biology is so much more than making a dolphin or sea lion follow commands. With the oceans covering over 70 percent of the Earth’s surface and providing habitat for thousands of species, marine biology is a very broad field. It involves a strong knowledge of all science along with principles of economics, legal matters, and conservation. Becoming a Marine Biologist A marine biologist, or someone who studies marine biology, can learn about a variety of organisms during their education from tiny plankton only visible under a microscope to the largest whales that are over 100 feet long. Marine biology can also include the study of different aspects of these organisms, including the behavior of animals in the ocean environment, adaptations to living in salt water and interactions between organisms. As a marine biologist, one would also look at how marine life interacts with different ecosystems such as salt marshes, bays, reefs, estuaries, and sand bars. Again, its not just learning about things that inhabit the ocean; its also about conserving resources and protecting a valuable food supply. Plus, there are many research initiatives to discover how organisms can benefit human health. Marine biologists have to have a thorough understanding of chemical, physical, and geological oceanography. Other people who study marine biology do not go on to conduct research or work for activist organizations; they can wind up teaching others about the vast scientific principles that make up the field. In other words, they can become teachers and professors at universities and colleges. Tools to Study Marine Biology The oceans are difficult to study, as they are vast and foreign to humans. They also vary depending on geographic locations and environmental factors. Different tools used to study the oceans include sampling mechanisms such as bottom trawls and plankton nets, tracking methods and devices such as photo-identification research, satellite tags, hydrophones, and â€Å"critter cams,† and underwater observation equipment such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).   Importance of Marine Biology Among other things, the oceans regulate climate and provide food, energy, and income. They support a variety of cultures. They are so important, yet there is so much we don’t know about this fascinating environment. Learning about the oceans and the marine life inhabiting them is becoming even more critical as we realize the importance of the oceans to the health of all life on the planet.

Chlamydia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chlamydia - Essay Example The main route of infection is vaginal, anal sexual contact and household contact. Children can become infected during passage through the birth canal of mother that carry Chlamydia (Redgrove & McLaughlin, 2014). Characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia trachomatis is an aerobic, obligate, intracellular parasite of eukaryotic cells. It is a Gram-negative bacteria, which demonstrate a coccoid or rod shape. Not taking into account fact that Chlamydia trachomatis is classified as Gram-negative bacterium, it lacks a peptidoglycan cell wall. Chlamydia trachomatis cannot synthesize its own ATP that is why in order to remain viable this bacteria require growing cells. Without host cell, C. trachomatis will die in a short period of time (Byrne, 2003). As was mentioned above, Chlamydia trachomatis is the one of the most common sexually transmitted disease: for example, in USA more than 4 million cases are diagnosed each year; furthermore, Chlamydia trachomatis is the main reason of preventable blindness (caused by a chlamydial infection called trachoma) in the world. Chlamydia trachomatis also is one of the major causes of infertility in women and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (Redgrove & McLaughlin, 2014). Genome of Chlamydia trachomatis consists of 1,042,519 nucleotide base pairs that coding approximately 894 proteins. Chlamydia trachomatis carry one extrachromosomal plasmid, which have a 7493-base pair sequence with 1% nucleotide sequence variation. This plasmid has eight open reading frames that codes proteins more than 100 amino acids long. C. trachomatis plasmid is a main target for DNA-based diagnosis of diseases because one chlamydial particle carry approximately 7-10 copies of highly conserved plasmids (Stephens et al., 1998). Chlamydia trachomatis has a tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolytic pathway. These metabolic pathways play a supporting role in chlamydial metabolism. Chlamydia

What is meant by a Failing State, main causes of it and what may be Essay

What is meant by a Failing State, main causes of it and what may be done to help states that are failing - Essay Example As this occurs, nations and groups become threatened by the environmental actions and may response negatively. The link between climate change and threats to global security become pertinent in understanding the complexities that are arising from both the environmental concerns and the political affiliations and actions in response. The concept of climate change is developed on the theory that there is an alteration in the system of the earth. Increasing temperatures, changes in resources and natural disasters are all pointing to the definition of climate change. This was specifically announced by the politician Al Gore, with his announcement of the threat of global warming. The theory which was presented was one that was based on the environmental changes leading to destruction of the earth. The destruction was compounded specifically because of pollution, destruction of natural resources and the impact of the environment on different countries. The combination of these environmental factors led to scientists finding different understanding with environmental impact while developing specific risks in regards to climate change. Environmentalists began to demand that natural resources be used in a different way. As this increased, were also opposing groups that found the changes in use of resources created a sen se of risk, specifically in terms of politics, economics, social and cultural demands (Stern, 7: 2006). The impact of global warming and the current shift to climate change has created specific political responses, specifically which is related to economics and the need to monitor resources at a global level. The introduction of climate change led to interference from political organizations in regards to taking action, including the UN and the intergovernmental panel. The concepts which each of these governmental structures have carried are to show

Jane Cazneau Essay Example for Free

Jane Cazneau Essay Hudson posits a Native American grandmother, although there is no solid evidence of this. Her first marriage apparently dissolved, but there is no divorce record. She may or may not have had an affair with Aaron Burr, an early mentor. Hudsons most significant claim is that Jane Storm is the journalist who coined the phrase manifest destiny (pp. 60-62). Hudson argues that later historians have simply assumed that John OSullivan wrote the Democratic Reviews many unsigned editorials. But Hudsons computer analysis (Appendix B) of OSullivans and Storms signed works shows that the grammatical errors in the famous editorial that first contained the phrase exhibit a much closer correlation with those commonly made by Storm than with those made by OSullivan. What is certain is that she migrated to pre-revolutionary Texas and speculated in land grants and immigration schemes. Writing under the pen name Montgomery (later, Cora Montgomery), Storm became a regular correspondent of Moses Y. Beachs New York Sun. When war broke out, Storm accompanied Beach and his daughter on a covert peace mission to Mexico in late 1846. The Beach mission has long been clouded with uncertainty about its purposes and accomplishments, and so Storms role in it is similarly in doubt. Nonetheless, she was clearly an important element, as neither of the Beaches knew Spanish and President James K. Polk had a private interview with her after her return. After the war, Storm continued to favor U. S. xpansion into Latin America and the Caribbean, especially through annexation. Although Hudson maintains that Storm was not a strong proponent of All Mexico during the U. S. -Mexican War, some have credited her with leading the movement. She had contact with Cuban, Mexican, and Nicaraguan filibustering groups. She married diplomat Williams L. Cazneau in 1849 after a long acquaintance but still worked as a journalist for numerous publications, wrote about her travels, and remained active in Democratic P arty politics. She secured a diplomatic mission to the Dominican Republic for her husband and worked with him to gain U. S. access to Samana Bay. Jane Storm Cazneau died in a shipwreck during a storm at sea in 1878. Many questions about her activities and the extent of her influence remain unanswered. Barring the emergence of new documentary collections, Hudsons biography is the most complete picture of her life we are likely to have. As such it is a useful addition to the literature on nineteenth-century U. S. expansionism.

Virtual Private Networks Essay -- VPN Internetworking Computers Intern

Virtual Private Networks Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are an easy and cost effective way to connect two or more networks over the Internet. This is achieved by using encrypted tunnels for security and efficiency. VPNs use encapsulated and encrypted IP packets and transport them across leased Local Area Network (LAN) lines. The benefits of using VPNs are reduced cost overhead, reduced management overhead, and added security (Microsoft Press, 2000). Least network lines are expensive and VPNs reduce then need for extra data connections. This in turn also aids in reducing the amount of overhead associated with managing a network. The added security benefits for a network include encrypted transmission of network data and user authentication. Passing datagrams across the Internet between sites can cause major security risk. When a datagram is passed internally within a private network it is secured behind a router and /or firewall. When datagrams are passed externally outsiders can monitor them as they pass over networks owned by other organizations (Comer, 1995). This can cause great security problems. Unencrypted packet headers contain valuable information about the internal structure of an organizations network. VPNs have overcome the problem of direct Internet access to servers and clients through a combination of the following security components: IP encapsulation, cryptographic authentication, and data payload encryption. For a true VPN to exi...

Market entries to China for Holden Essay

Executive summary With more and more countries taking part in the international trade, the world’s market is expanding in a rapid pace. How to make use of the enlarging market and remain competitive become urgent for those participants. Market diversification is a good way to take full advantage of the resource and improve the efficiency by enlarging the business scope. In addition, it can also ease the pressure of competition and reduce the cost. The report mainly discuss that Australian Holden may enter Chinese market and chooses Shanghai as the target market. The report firstly analyzes the Australian and Chinese market and briefly introduces Shanghai. Then it presents the market-entry strategies and focuses on comparison on the advantages and disadvantages of Export-based entry and manufacturing-based entry. Through the comparison, the export-based entry is recommended to Holden. Finally, the report analyzes the 4p in marketing, which are price, place, products and promotion. In short, Shanghai is a bid developed country with the encouragement from the government to promote the development of automobile industry. 1.0 Introduction Holden is founded in 1856 with headquarter in Melbourne and it set into the field of automobile manufacturing after the company designed the body of the car for the first time in 1918. Australia-based GM merged with Holden in 1931 to establish GM-Holden Automobile Corporation. Holden’s Vehicle Operations produce 42 models from four vehicle body styles for domestic and export customers. For domestic market, the facility produces the Commodore range of sedans, Sportwagon and Ute together with Caprice long-wheel base luxury vehicles (Rob M 2011). Holden’s Global V6 Engine plant is located in Port Melbourne, Victoria and it gives Holden considerable flexibility in the range of engines it can produce for local and international customers including export customers in South Korea, Thailand and China. Holden is a centre of expertise in design and engineering for GM globally. Holden is one of GM’s nine global design centers responsible for vehicles such as the Holden Commodore and Chevrolet Camaro. Holden is also the centre of expertise for large, rear-wheel drive vehicles in the GM family as well as a major power train engineering centre with expertise in R&D and customer programs in V6 and V8 gasoline, CNG and LPG applications. 2.0 International and domestic marketing environment analysis 2.1 The analysis of Australian and Chinese market The economic crisis has negative effect on the global economy with high unemployment rate. As for Australian automobile industry, both the sales and production decrease. Although there is challenge, opportunity coexists. Holden saw the chance for industrial integration and it is inclined to import components from China and other countries. Hence, Holden is making efforts to enter Chinese market in order to achieve market diversification. The following table format shows the comparative analysis of Chinese and Australian market. From the above chart, it can be seen that China attracts Australia for the following reasons. Firstly, China is the world’s second largest economic entity and it has seen rapid development in recently years. With largest population in the world, China has wide potential in various industries with strong demand and high level of consumption. With the development of economy and high standard of living, people tend to purchase more expensive products as they have strong purchasing power. What’s more, Chinese government has announce some policies to promote its development, such as purchase tax-free for whose emission below 1.6, cash for energy-saving program and presentation of automobile credit. With the price of oil increasing, the compact vehicle has taken up the most of the market share. All those factors have stimulated the development of automobile industry in China (Piercy, N 1982). Compared with Chinese market, Australian automobile industry is more mature. In shor t, China is a place with great potential for automobile market. Shanghai is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. Shanghai, the most developed city in China, is a major financial center in the world. With the development of automobile industry in China, the industry also sees rapid booming trend in Shanghai. As one of the earliest cities to carry out Chinese opening policy, Shanghai continues to go out of China, seeking for international level of development. In addition, it is a fairly open city with diverse culture and civilization. Taking consideration above factors, Shanghai will be the target market for Holden. 2.2. Estimated market size and gap analysis in Shanghai Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper by population in the world. With large population living in the city, their demand of automobile is strong, so there is hug amount of potential customers in Shanghai to buy cars. In addition, they also have strong power for purchase taking consideration of the economy in China. Actually, most young people will choose to buy compact and small cars in Shanghai as it is convenient. Automobile industry growth has been primarily driven by rising domestic demand stemming from rising incomes, a growing middle class, and by supportive industry policies from the Chinese government (Piercy, N 1982). However, the whole market is very fragmented and the research and development capacity is weak in China. The Chinese government has implemented a number of tax adjustments and subsidies for automobile purchases. In short, Shanghai has great potential for automobile development with strong demand and high purchase power, while the research and development is relatively weak. Holden can take the advantage to merge into Shanghai and bring about innovation to the whole market. 2.3 Expected sales and market share analysis in China. According to China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM), automakers in China sold 18,505,100 new vehicles last year, 2.45% more than 2010, which also creates a historically high. The annual growth rate dropped sharply from the 32.37% seen in 2010. Production rose slight 0.84% to 18,418,900 units. Passenger car sales gained 5.19% on year to 14,472,400, as 14,485,300 units were produced, 4.32% more than 2010. The commercial vehicle market shrank 6.31% to 4,032,700, as production dropped 9.94% to 3,933,600. Shanghai GM sold 1.23 million cars in 2011, up 18.5 percent from a year earlier. The sales in China are expected to see more growth in the future and It is widely believed that China’s automobile market currently has the most growth potential around the world. The sales of automobile in Shanghai always took a large amount in Shanghai, so Holden expect a huge potential for sales in Shanghai. According to a survey, the domestic market of share for automobile industry in China is 29%, which means that the majority of market share is took up by foreign brand. It is great news for Holden that can make use of its great competitiveness to enter in Chinese market, especially Shanghai. 3.0. Market entry strategies Marketing entry means that the government of a nation allows citizen or legal person to enter the market to do business and commercial activities. The system for marketing entry indicates the control and management of the government on the market. The purpose of market entry is to stabilize the source of tax and rationally allocate resources. In addition, the market entry aims to pursue public safety and health and maintain sustainable development. The ultimate goal of marketing entry is to maintain free and equal competition for participants, which means that the global market is unified. However, the marketing entry is a process, different country will have various degree for openness considering their economic development level. When a company has made a decision to enter an overseas market, there are a variety of options open to it (Basche, J.R1971). These options vary with cost, risk and the degree of control. The simplest form of entry strategy is exporting using either a direct or indirect method such as an agent, in the case of the former, or countertrade, in the case of the latter. More complex forms include truly global operations which may involve joint ventures, or export processing zones. Entry strategies: There are a variety of ways in which organizations can enter foreign markets. There are export-based entry, manufacturing-based entry and relationship –based entry. The export-based entry and manufacturing-based entry are compared here. 3.1 The analysis of export-based entry Exporting is the mostly widely accepted and the most mature form of operating in foreign markets. Exporting can be defined as the marketing of products from one country into another, while no direct manufacturing is required in an overseas country and significant investments in marketing are required. This strategy does not need too much detailed information about the market compared with the manufacturing-based entry, but it still need some necessary information about the local market (Cunningham, M 1986). The export-based entry contains many elements, such as indirect export, direct export, establish sales offices in foreign market and licensing. Direct exporting means that the organization uses agents, distributors or oversea subsidiary or through government agency. In most cases, the company exports by means of local agents or distributors as they know more about the local market which is important in conducting the business (Jaffee S 1993). In addition, they have advantage in language and they know how to get local customers. Indirect export means that products are exported through trading companies and some export management companies. The advantage of indirect exporting is that the exporters do not need to know much information about the local market as they can rely on trading companies. Another option for exporter is to sell products directly to foreign end-users and this method does not incur intermediary costs and exported can gain higher profits. The web-based B2C and B2B sales are the most common ways to sell products to end-users. The advantages of exporting are that: Firstly, exporting is very simple and low costs and risk, so it is usually the first forms that companies will choose to get knowledge of the target market. Secondly, as the exporting-based entry is home based, the utilization of domestic plants are increased and costs are decreased at the same time. Thirdly, the method can also help to diversify markets, which reduce the company’s exposure to domestic demand instability. The disadvantage is that: firstly, high transport costs from the exporter to the target market. Secondly, exporting may encounter some trade barriers and problems with agents will also affect the export (Sharma, D 1989). Thirdly, exporters have lower control of the agents, facing the risk of exchange rate fluctuation, and are subjected to custom duties and tax from the target country. Although the export costs are low, the exporter has to pay for know more about the market, increasing sales, distribution networks, and attracting customers. Furthermore, exporters should design their products as per the requirement of target market. 3.2 The analysis of manufacturing-based entry Manufacturing-based entry includes joint venture. Joint venture means alliances where there is equity participation from both the foreign entrant and the local companies. The equity participation indicates that one can have minority of stakes, equal stakes or majority of stakes (Terry J 2006). The advantages of joint venture are: firstly, one can decrease the capital risk. Secondly, exporter can use the target companies’ facilities in manufacturing distribution and sales. Thirdly, the exporter can take advantage the local companies to enter the market and they can contact with local government through local companies. Many companies avoid having joint venture as it is complex in coordinating policies, decisions and execution with a different company. Disadvantages of joint venture are that: a. Different in culture and language with communication problems b. Different in managerial styles c. Different in the motivation behind participation. d. Selection of the right partners. Other than above problems, there are also risks in entering in joint venture as the complication at the time of exit, when a foreign entrant decides to leave the market and the joint venture should also have an exit strategy (Yip, G 1982). Another is the company’s intellectual property, which is more difficult to control the access to the technology. Furthermore, if the IP is stolen by local partner, it will become a big problem to deal with. 4.0. Recommendation on how to enter Chinese market 4.1 Market entry strategy choice An organization wishing to enter other market faces three major issues: a. Marketing – which countries, which segments, how to manage and implement marketing effort, how to enter – with intermediaries or directly, with what information. b. Sourcing – whether to obtain products, make or buy? (Keegan, W1989) c. Investment and control – joint venture, global partner, acquisition. Decisions in the marketing area focus on the value chain. The strategy or entry alternatives must ensure that the necessary value chain activities are performed and integrated. As for Holden, the export-based strategy is greatly recommended as Firstly, exporting is very simple and low costs and risk, so it is better for Holden to get know more about Chinese market. Secondly, as the exporting-based entry is home based, the utilization of domestic plants are increased and costs are decreased at the same time. Holden has its own manufacturing plants and it can save costs in this way. (Khoromana, A 1991)Thirdly, the method can also help to diversify markets, which reduce the company’s exposure to domestic demand instability. Holden can gradually come to Chinese market after get a better idea of Chinese market and customer’s demand. Another approach is to direct invest in Chinese market. Holden can set up manufacturing facilities as it is capable of putting large amount of capital with management dedication (Korey, G 1986). 4.2 Estimated budget The marketing mix is one of the most famous marketing terms. The marketing mix is the tactical or operational part of a marketing plan. The marketing mix is also called the 4Ps which are price, place, product and promotion. |Price |Price is the amount the consumer must exchange to receive the offering | |Place |Place includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers | |Product |Product means the goods-and-services combination the company offers to the target market. | |Promotion |Promotion includes all of the activities marketers undertake to inform consumers about their products | | |and to encourage potential customers to buy these products. | So the budget includes activities for efforts to make the products available to target consumers, service for the target market and promotion. 4.3 Time frame (2014—2017) for Holden |Price |Making an analysis of prices in Shanghai and setting the price according to the consumption level. | |Place |Target market: Shanghai | |Product |Holden’s compact and small cars. | |Promotion |Making some advertisement for Holden’s cars with the help of local agents or distributors as it use | | |export-based entry methods | As Holden uses the export-based entry methods, most work can be done by local agents or distributors and also the budget also includes the pay for them besides the budget for 4ps. 5.0 Conclusion In the recent years, trading has become more and more popular among countries. Trading activities has become increasingly global in some way due to the need to gather and increase the company’s financial bases. Advancement in technology including communication efficiency and better international relations has contributed to the development of the international trade. However, competition has become a great challenge to the expanding of global business, but most companies are making great efforts to solve the problem. In order to make the good use the situation as the world has become a village and to achieve greater investments and better market opportunities in the international market, it is necessary that primary and secondary market research is done to ensure that information regarding the target markets in countries desired is obtained. To choose the best way for market entry is crucial for a company as it can help the company to diversify market in other countries and help it gain competitiveness in the world with fierce competition. 6.0 Reference 1. Basche, J.R(1971) Export Marketing Services and Costs, New York: The Conference Board , p4. 2. Cunningham, M (1986), Strategies for International Industrial Marketing. In D.W. Turnbull and J.P. Valla (eds.) Croom Helm, p 9. 3. Dan W (2002), Countertrade, Business Credit, P48 4. Jaffee S (1993), Exporting High Value Food Commodities, World Bank Discussion Paper, p 198 5. Keegan, W(1989), Global Marketing Management, Prentice Hall International Editions, P23-40 6. Khoromana, A(1991), The Experience and Problems in Exporting Spices, In S. Carter (ed.) Export Procedures Network and Centre for Agricultural Marketing Training in Eastern and Southern Africa, P45-60 7. Khoury, S(1986), Countertrade: Forms, Motives, Pitfalls and Negotiation Requisites, Journal of Business Research, p 257-270. 8. Korey, G (1986) Multilateral Perspectives in International Marketing Dynamics, European Journal of Marketing, p 34-42. 9. Pavord and Bogart (1991), The Export Marketing Decision S.A. Hara in S. Carter (Ed) â€Å"Export Procedures, Network and Centre for Agricultural Marketing Training in Eastern and Southern Africa P102-120. 10. Piercy, N (1982), Company Internationalisation: Active and Reactive Exporting, European Journal of Marketing, p 26-40. 11. Rob M (2011), Larger Holden Barina a more credible car, Dominion Post, P3 Russow, L (1996), Market diversification: Going international, Review of Business, P32 12. Sharma, D(1989) Overseas Market Entry Strategy, Journal of Global Marketing, P89-110 13. Terry J (2006) Hispanic-Market Entry Strategies, ABA Bank Marketing, P18 14. Yip, G(1982), Gateways to Entry, Harvard Business Review, P85-91

Family As A Social Institution Essay

1. Introduction: In a place where some group of people who lived in a same house and same flour. Family includes only the husband, the wife, and unmarried children who are not of age. The most common form of this family is regularly referred to in sociology as a nuclear family. A â€Å"consanguine† family consists of a parent and his or her children, and other people. Although the concept of consanguinity originally referred to relations by â€Å"blood,† In short we can say where same blood people live together this is called as FAMILY. 1.1 Definition Of Family: A group of two people or more related by blood, marriage, or adoption and residing together (U.S. Census Bureau 2004) 1.2 Only Child families: Many couples are now choosing to have children who will never have any siblings. Literature suggests that these children are often viewed as being spoilt, selfish, lonely and maladjusted, however, research does not agree with this negative view. Only children appear to be bright and successful, self-confident, self-reliant, resourceful and popular with other children. â€Å"A major reason for this may be that only children have somewhat closer relationships with parents, who exert more pressure for mastery and accomplishment† Only children often have more pressure placed upon them by parents to excel in tasks and have often high expectations for school and sporting results placed upon them. Only children miss out on the growing and learning and forms of socialization which comes with having siblings. Only children have the advantage of not having to fight for their parent’s attention and may have the opportunity of more one-on-one interactions. The one-child family has both pros and cons, as does every family lifestyle. 1.3 Largest Families: Children of large families obviously experience different conditions from those in smaller or one child families. Children in larger families have the advantage of having relationships with siblings. These relationships and interactions give them the opportunity to have companionship, emotional support and assistance while they are growing up. Children in larger families often experience degrees of rivalry and may need to fight for parent’s attention. The positive interactions that occur between siblings contribute to perspective taking, moral maturity, and competence in relating to other children. 1.4 Single Parent families: The number of one-parent families has become more common in recent years. There are a number of varieties of one-parent families; those resulting from divorce, parents who never-married, as well as a widowed parent. In single parent families the other parent not living with the family may have little or no involvement in the child’s life or may be highly involved. We are going to look more closely at single divorced parents and never-married single parents. 1.5 Marriage: A general definition of marriage is that it is a social contract between two individuals that unites their lives legally, economically and emotionally. Being married also gives legitimacy to sexual relations within the marriage. The geographical location and the cultural traditions of the individuals involved in the marriage relationship. The legalities of marriage can be confusing and overwhelming. Before you get married, it is important to know the requirements for getting a marriage license such as age, identification, costs for the license, etc. Laws concerning marriage vary from state to state and country to country and change often. 1.6 Types of Marriage: In marriage there are 2 types of marriage: Monogamy: Monogamy refers to the state of having only one mate at any one time; the term is applied to the social behavior of some animals and to a form of marriage in which an individual has only one spouse at any one time. In current usage monogamy often refers to having one sexual partner  irrespective of marriage or reproduction. Recent discoveries have led biologists to talk about the three varieties of monogamy: social monogamy, sexual monogamy, and genetic monogamy. The distinction between these three is important to the modern understanding of monogamy. Social monogamy refers to two persons/creatures that live together, have sex with each other, and cooperate in acquiring basic resources such as food, clothes, and money. Sexual monogamy refers to two persons/creatures that remain sexually exclusive with each other and have no outside sex partners. Genetic monogamy refers to two partners that only have offspring with each other. Polygamy: several husbands or wives simultaneously 1.7 Mate Selection: Mate choice, or intersexual selection, is an evolutionary process in which selection of a mate depends on attractiveness of its traits. It is one of two components of sexual selection (the other is male-male competition or intersexual selection). Darwin first introduced his ideas on sexual selection in 1871 but advances in genetic and molecular techniques have led to major progress in this field recently. Five mechanisms that explain the evolution of mate choice are currently recognized. They are direct phenotypic benefits, sensory bias, Fisherman runaway, indicator traits, and genetic compatibility. These mechanisms can co-occur and there are many examples of each. In systems where mate choice exists, one sex is competitive with same-sex members and the other sex is choosy (selective when it comes to picking individuals to mate with). In most species, females are the choosy sex that discriminates amongst competitive males but there are several examples of reversed roles. There is an example: Charles Darwin first expressed his ideas on sexual selection and mate choice in his book The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex in 1871. He was perplexed by the elaborate ornamentation that males of some species have because they appeared to be detrimental to survival and have negative consequences for reproductive success. He proposed two explanations for the existence of such traits: these traits are useful in male-male combat or they are preferred by females. 2. Structure of Family : This kinship terminology commonly occurs in societies based on conjugal (or nuclear) families, where nuclear families have a degree of relative mobility. Members of the nuclear use descriptive kinship terms: Mother: a female parent Father: a male parent Son: a male child of the parent(s) Daughter: a female child of the parent(s) Brother: a male child of the same parent(s) Sister: a female child of the same parent(s) Grandfather: father of a father or mother Grandmother: mother of a mother or father Cousins: two people that share the same grandparent(s) Such systems generally assume that the mother’s husband has also served as the biological father. In some families, a woman may have children with more than one man or a man may have children with more than one woman. The system refers to a child who shares only one parent with another child as a â€Å"half-brother† or â€Å"half-sister.† For children who do not share biological or adoptive parents in common, English-speakers use the term â€Å"stepbrother† or â€Å"stepsister† to refer to their new relationship with each other when one of their biological parents marries one of the other child’s biological parents. Any person (other than the biological parent of a child) who marries the parent of that child becomes the â€Å"stepparent† of the child, either the â€Å"stepmother† or â€Å"stepfather.† The same terms generally apply to children adopted into a family as to children born into the family. Grandfather: a parent’s father Grandmother: a parent’s mother Grandson: a child’s son Granddaughter: a child’s daughter For collateral relatives, more classificatory terms come into play, terms that do not build on the terms used within the nuclear family: Uncle: father’s brother, mother’s brother, father’s sister’s husband, mother’s sister’s husband Aunt: father’s sister, mother’s sister, father’s brother’s wife, mother’s brother’s wife Nephew: sister’s son, brother’s son, wife’s brother’s son, wife’s sister’s son, husband’s brother’s son, husband’s sister’s son Niece: sister’s daughter, brother’s daughter, wife’s brother’s daughter, wife’s sister’s daughter, husband’s brother’s daughter, husband’s sister’s daughter 3.Stages of Family: 3.1 Stage One: Single young adults leave home . Here the emotional change is from the reliance on the family to acceptance of emotional and financial responsibility for ourselves. Second-order changes include differentiation of self in relation to family of origin. This means we neither blindly accept what our parents believe or want us to do, nor do we automatically respond negatively to their requests. Our beliefs and behaviors are now part of our own identity, though we will change and refine what we believe throughout our lives. Also, during this period we develop intimate peer relationships on a deeper level than we had previously and become financially independent. 3.2 Stage Two: The new couple joins their families through marriage or living together . The major emotional transition during this phase is through commitment to the new system. Second-order change involves the formation of a marital system and realignment of relationships with extended families and friends that includes our spouses. 3.3 Stage Three: Families with young children Emotionally we must now accept new members into the system. This isn’t hard initially because babies come to us in sweet innocent packages that open our hearts. Unfortunately, in the middle of the night we may wonder what we’ve gotten ourselves into. Nevertheless, we adjust the marital system to make space for our children, juggling childrearing, financial and household tasks. Second-order change also ocurs with the realignment of relationships with extended family as it opens to include the parenting and grandparenting roles. 3.4 Stage Four: Families with adolescents Emotional transitions are hard here for the whole family because we need to increase the flexibility of families boundaries to include children’s independence and grandparents’ frailities. As noted above, second-order change is required in order for the shifting of the parent-child relationship to permit adolescents to move in and out of the system. Now there is a new focus on midlife marital and career issues and the beginning shift toward joint caring for the older generation when both children and aging parents demand our attention, creating what is now called the sandwich generation. 3.5 Stage Five: Launching children and moving on This is one of the transitions that can be most emotionally difficult for parents as they now need to accept a multitude of exits from and entries into the family system. If the choices of the children leaving the nest are compatible with the values and expectations of the parents, the transition can be relatively easy and enjoyable, especially if the parents successfully navigate their second-order changes, such as renegotiation of the marital system as a couple rather than as simply parents. Other developmental changes include development of adult-to-adult relationships between us and our grown children, inclusion of in-laws and grandchildren, and dealing with the disabilities and death of our own parents. (See Letting Go of Our Adult Children: When What We Do is Never Enough for what can happen when transitions in this stage become particularly bumpy.) 3.6 Stage Six: Families in later life When Erikson discusses this stage, he focuses on how we as individuals either review our lives with acceptance and a sense of accomplishment or with bitterness and regret. A family systems approach, however, is interested in how the family as a unit responds and sees the key emotional principle as accepting the shifting of generational roles. Second-order changes require us to maintain our own interests and functioning as a couple in face of physiological decline. We shift our focus onto the middle generation (the children who are still in stage five) and support them as they launch their own children. In this process the younger generation needs to make room for the wisdom and experience of the elderly, supporting the older generation without over functioning for them. Other  second-order change includes dealing with the loss of our spouse, siblings, and others peers and the preparation for our own death and the end of our generation. 4. Role Of Family: The family is one of the main socializing institutions of the society. In the family, the child appropriates the social norms and values and it becomes capable of having relations with the other members of the society. In the family there is established the basic or primary socialization. In comparison with the families from the traditional societies family function has begun to be more and more taken over by other social institutions (school, cultural institutions, and mass media). Despite these transfers of social competencies, the family continues to remain one of the main institutions of socialization. The advantage of the socialization in the family is to obtain it in an environment of affectivity, which facilitates the transmission and the appropriation of the social values and norms. 4.1 Toward children : As soon as the baby is born, the mother and father become attached to their child through touch – through holding, carrying and playing with their baby. The world of movement begins and it is the parents who are the first educators of their child. This holds true for visually impaired children too. Parents have a much longer, sustained, and intimate relationship with their child than anybody else. When children are young they are learning to identify and label the world. Blind children are no different. They need to become familiar with the world, too. Familiarization develops orientation. For the sighted child, vision puts them in the action. Vision is the sense that allows us to integrate all of the things we learn about the world. Without normal vision, the child must learn to see and understand the world in new ways. As the child’s parents, one needs the opportunity to: understand how loss of vision affects their child’s early development; learn how they, as parents, can most effectively teach their child to see the world. One must realize that every child, whether visually impaired or not, is a learner. Besides this, what every child learns in the first three years of life is learned visually, primarily through imitation, says a research.  Parents are the natural teacher because they know their child better than anyone else does and have a better idea of what he/she is ready to learn. They spend more time with the child . Therefore they’re able to take advantage of the many ordinary events – things that happen throughout the day in the normal course of family life – that are teaching opportunities. As a parent you give your child toys and common, everyday objects to help him / her learn in natural situations that can be applied to other situations outside the home. Also, as a parent people must keep on providing opportunities to their children to practice what they have learned and a chance to experience the world under their guidance. By starting early, they teach their children good habits that will last a lifetime. And, above all involve their children in f amily life so friends and relatives learn how to interact with their visually impaired child and he / she learns how to act with others.

Cal State Channel Islands Admissions, Acceptance Rate

Cal State Channel Islands Admissions, Acceptance Rate California State University-Channel Islands (CSUCI)  does not require scores from the SAT or ACT as part of their application. Students need to fill out an application for the California State University system, indicating which campuses they are applying to. Channel Islands has an acceptance rate of 78  percent. Students with grades above average and a number of extracurricular activities have an excellent chance of being accepted. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2017) Cal State Channel Islands Acceptance Rate: 78 percentCSUCI GPA, SAT and ACT Score GraphCompare Cal State SAT ScoresCompare Cal State ACT Scores CSUCI Description CSUCI, the California State University, Channel Islands, was founded in 2002 and is the youngest of the  23 universities in the Cal State system. The university is located in Camarillo, Northwest of Los Angeles. The university offers over 20 majors; business, social sciences and liberal arts are equally popular among undergraduates. CSUCI is proud of its interaction between students and faculty, and the curriculum emphasizes experiential and service learning. The school currently has the second lowest enrollment of the Cal State campuses, but significant growth is projected in the coming decades. Enrollment (2017) Total Enrollment: 7,455  (7,054 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 38 percent male / 64 percent female83 percent full-time Costs (2017 - 18) Tuition and Fees: $6,817 (in-state); $18,697 (out-of-state)Books: $1,948 (why so much?)Room and Board: $16,954Other Expenses: $2,902Total Cost: $28,621 (in-state); $40,501 (out-of-state) CSUCI Financial Aid (2016- 17) Percentage of Students Receiving Aid: 81 percentPercentage of Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 72 percentLoans: 47 percentAverage Amount of Aid​Grants: $8,747Loans: $5,742 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Art, Biology, Business Administration, English, History, Liberal Arts and Sciences, Psychology, SociologyWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 79 percentTransfer Out Rate: 7 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 26 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 59 percent If You Like Cal State Channel Islands, You May Also Like These Schools University of California - Santa Cruz: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphOccidental College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of the Pacific: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWestmont College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBiola University: Profile  California Lutheran University: Profile  Menlo College: Profile  Scripps College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Admissions Profiles for Other Cal State Campuses Bakersfield  | Channel Islands  | Chico  | Dominquez Hills  | East Bay  | Fresno State  | Fullerton  | Humboldt  | Long Beach  | Los Angeles  | Maritime  | Monterey Bay  | Northridge  | Pomona (Cal Poly)  | Sacramento  | San Bernardino  | San Diego  | San Francisco  | San Jose  | San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly)  | San Marcos  | Sonoma State  | Stanislaus More California Public University Information SAT Score Comparison for Cal State SchoolsACT Score Comparison for Cal State SchoolsThe University of California SystemSAT Score Comparison for the UC SystemACT Score Comparison for the UC System Data Source: National Center for Education Statistics

How to Trace Your U.S. Military Ancestors

How to Trace Your U.S. Military Ancestors Nearly every generation of Americans has known war. From the early colonists, to the men and women currently serving in Americas armed forces, most of us can claim at least one relative or ancestor who has served our country in the military. Even if you have never heard of military veterans in your family tree, try a bit of research and you might be surprised! Determine if your ancestor served in the military The first step in searching for the military records of an ancestor is to determine when and where the soldier served, as well as their military branch, rank and/or unit. Clues to an ancestors military service may be found in the following records: Family storiesPhotographsCensus recordsNewspaper clippingsJournals, diaries correspondenceDeath records obituariesLocal historiesGrave markers Look for military records Military records often provide an abundance of genealogical material about our ancestors. Once you have determined that an individual served in the military, there are a variety of military records which can help to document their service, and provide useful information about your military ancestors such as birthplace, age at enlistment, occupation, and names of immediate family members. The primary types of military records include: Military service records Enlisted men who served in the regular Army throughout our countrys history, as well as discharged and deceased veterans of all services during the 20th century, can be researched through military service records. These records are primarily available through the National Archives and the National Personnel Records Center (NPRC). Unfortunately, a disastrous fire at the NPRC on July 12, 1973, about 80 percent of the records of veterans discharged from the Army between November, 1912 and January, 1960, and about 75 percent for individuals discharged from the Air Force between September, 1947 and January, 1964, alphabetically through Hubbard, James E. These destroyed records were one of a kind and had not been duplicated or microfilmed prior to the fire. Compiled military service records Most of the records of the American Army and Navy in the custody of the War Department were destroyed by fire in 1800 and 1814. In an effort to reconstruct these lost records, a project was begun in 1894 to collect military documents from a variety of sources. The Compiled Military Service Record, as these collected records have come to be called, is an envelope (sometimes referred to as a jacket) containing abstracts of an individuals service records including such items as muster rolls, rank rolls, hospital records, prison records, enlistment and discharge documents, and payrolls. These compiled military service records are primarily available for veterans of the American Revolution, War of 1812, and the Civil War. Pension records or veterans claims The National Archives has pension applications and records of pension payments for veterans, their widows, and other heirs. The pension records  are based on service in the armed forces of the United States between 1775 and 1916. Application files often contain supporting documents such as discharge papers, affidavits, depositions of witnesses, narratives of events during service, marriage certificates, birth records, death certificates, pages from family bibles, and other supporting papers. Pension files usually provide the most genealogical information for researchers.More: Where to Find Union Pension Records | Confederate Pension Records Draft registration records More than twenty-four million men born between 1873 and 1900 registered in one of three World War I drafts. These draft registrations cards may contain such information as name, birth date and place, occupation, dependents, nearest relative, physical description, and country of allegiance of an alien. The original WWI draft registration cards are at the National Archives, Southeast Region, in East Point, Georgia. A mandatory draft registration was also conducted for WWII, but the majority of WWII draft registration records are still protected by privacy laws. The fourth registration (often called the old mans registration), for men born between April 28, 1877 and February 16, 1897, is currently available to the public. Other selected WWII draft records may also be available.More: Where to Find WWI Draft Registration Records | WWII Draft Registration Records Bounty land records A land bounty is a grant of land from a government as a reward to citizens for the risks and hardships they endured in the service of their country, usually in a military related capacity. At the national level, these bounty land claims are based on wartime service between 1775 and 3 March 1855. If your ancestor served in the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, early Indian Wars, or the Mexican War, a search of bounty land warrant application files may be worthwhile. Documents found in these records are similar to those in pension files.More: Where to Find Bounty Land Warrants The two main repositories for records relating to military service are the National Archives and the National Personnel Records Center (NPRC), with the earliest records dating from the Revolutionary War. Some military records may also be found in state or regional archives and libraries. The National Archives Building, Washington, D.C., holds records relating to: Volunteer enlisted men and officers whose military service was performed during an emergency and whose service was considered to be in the federal interest, 1775 to 1902Regular Army enlisted personnel, 1789–October 31, 1912Regular Army officers, 1789–June 30, 1917 li]U.S. Navy enlisted personnel, 1798–1885US Navy officers, 1798–1902US Marine Corps enlisted personnel, 1798–1904Some US Marine Corps officers, 1798–1895Those who served in predecessor agencies to the US Coast Guard (i.e., the Revenue Cutter Service [Revenue Marine], the Life-Saving Service, and the Lighthouse Service, 1791–1919) The National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri, holds military personnel files of US Army officers separated after June 30, 1917, and enlisted personnel separated after October 31, 1912US Air Force officers and enlisted personnel separated after September 1947US Navy officers separated after 1902 and enlisted personnel separated after 1885US Marine Corps officers separated after 1895 and enlisted personnel separated after 1904US Coast Guard officers separated after 1928 and enlisted personnel separated after 1914; civilian employees of Coast Guard predecessor agencies such as Revenue Cutter Service, Lifesaving Service, and Lighthouse Service, 1864–1919 The National Archives - Southeast Region, Atlanta, Georgia, holds draft registration records for World War I To have the National Archives staff search these records for you, get a World War I Registration Card Request form by sending an email to archivesatlanta.nara.gov, or contacting: National Archives - Southeast Region5780 Jonesboro RoadMorrow, Georgia 30260(770) 968-2100archives.gov/atlanta/

The effacts of poverty on children living Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The effacts of poverty on children living - Essay Example Therefore, children from poor backgrounds lack the necessities to ensure success. In other instances, the poor parents lack the capacity to offer their children the conditions for success such as books (Ferguson & Mueller, 2007). Poverty causes psychological challenges to the children. The challenges result from parents inability to afford childrens basic needs. The situation in turn lowers their concentration level in class. Therefore, such condition makes children from poor families to score low grades in communication skills, use of vocabulary and knowledge of numerical. In addition, poverty also causes segregation among school going children. Therefore, it affects the nature of relationships and corporation among children from different social classes (Ferguson & Mueller, 2007). Parental unpredictability and change of caregivers are challenges in the poor neighborhoods. They arise because the parents take multiple and inconsistent jobs to support their families. Therefore, they contribute to declining performance among their children because they lack role modeling and supervision. In most instances, these children engage in bad social activities such as theft. Lack of parental guidance and role modeling breeds a culture that is unaware of benefits of schooling (Ferguson & Mueller, 2007). Hence, poor environments adversely affect the cognitive, social, and academic performance of